People

It was no longer Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 13:22:58 +0000
But since that time events had taken anunexpected turn. Prussia, which once threatened to excite popular movementover all Germany in its own interest, had now accepted Metternich'sguidance, and made its representative in the Diet the mouthpiece ofAustrian interest and policy. It was no longer from Berlin but from Viennathat the separate existence of the Minor States was threatened.

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In proportion as Prussia abandoned Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 13:35:02 +0000
The twogreat Courts were uniting against the independence of their weakerneighbours. The danger of any popular invasion of kingly rights in the nameof German unity had passed away, and the safety of the lesser sovereignsseemed now to lie not in resisting the spirit of constitutional reform butin appealing to it. In proportion as Prussia abandoned itself toMetternich's direction, the Governments of the South-Western Statesfamiliarised themselves with the idea of a popular representation; and atthe very time when the conservative programme was being drawn up for theCongress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the King of Bavaria published a Constitution.

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[293] He was, however, conscious Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 13:50:32 +0000
Baden followed after a short interval, and in each of these States,although the Legislature was divided into two Chambers, the representationestablished was not merely provincial, according to Metternich's plan, orwholly on the principle of separate Estates or Orders, as before theRevolution, but to some extent on the type of England and France, where theLower Chamber, in theory, represented the public at large. This was enoughto make Metternich condemn the new Constitutions as radically bad andrevolutionary. [293] He was, however, conscious of the difficulty of makinga direct attack upon them.

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The Conference of Ministers at Carlsbad Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 14:04:04 +0000
This task he reserved for a later time. Hispolicy at present was to obtain a declaration from the Diet which shouldprevent any other Government within the League from following in the samepath; while, by means of Press-laws, supervision of the Universities, and acentral commission of inquiry, he expected to make the position ofrebellious professors and agitators so desperate that the forces ofdisorder, themselves not deeply rooted in German nature, would presentlydisappear.The Conference of Ministers at Carlsbad, which in the memory of the Germanpeople is justly associated with the suppression of their liberty for anentire generation, began and ended in the month of August, 1819.

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Nothing more was required than Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 14:18:18 +0000
Thoughattended by the representatives of eight German Governments, it did littlemore than register the conclusions which Metternich had already formed.[294] The zeal with which the envoy of Prussia supported every repressivemeasure made it useless for the Ministers of the Minor Courts to offer anopen opposition. Nothing more was required than that the Diet shouldformally sanction the propositions thus privately accepted by all theleading Ministers.

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It wasordered that in every Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 14:32:18 +0000
On the 20th of September this sanction was given. TheDiet, which had sat for three years without framing a single useful law,ratified all Metternich's oppressive enactments in as many hours. It wasordered that in every State within the Federation the Government shouldtake measures for preventing the publication of any journal or pamphletexcept after licence given, and each Government was declared responsible tothe Federation at large for any objectionable writing published within itsown territory.

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It was enacted that within Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 14:42:19 +0000
The Sovereigns were required to appoint civil commissionersat the Universities, whose duty it should be to enforce public order and togive a salutary direction to the teaching of the professors. They were alsorequired to dismiss all professors who should overstep the bounds of theirduty, and such dismissed persons were prohibited from being employed in anyother State. It was enacted that within fifteen days of the passing of thedecree an extraordinary Commission should assemble at Mainz to investigatethe origin and extent of the secret revolutionary societies whichthreatened the safety of the Federation.

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The Commission, however, was not Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 14:59:35 +0000
The Commission was empowered toexamine and, if necessary, to arrest any subject of any German State. Alllaw-courts and other authorities were required to furnish it withinformation and with documents, and to undertake all inquiries which theCommission might order. The Commission, however, was not a law-courtitself: its duty was to report to the Diet, which would then create suchjudicial machinery as might be necessary.

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The conferences ofMinisters were accordingly Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 15:14:53 +0000
[295]These measures were of an exceptional, and purported to be of a temporary,character. There were, however, other articles which Metternich intended toraise to the rank of organic laws, and to incorporate with the Act of 1815,which formed the basis of the German Federation. The conferences ofMinisters were accordingly resumed after a short interval, but at Viennainstead of at Carlsbad.

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[296] The most important Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 15:27:06 +0000
They lasted for several months, a strongeropposition being now made by the Minor States than before. A second body offederal law was at length drawn up, and accepted by the Diet on the 8th ofJune, 1820. [296] The most important of its provisions was that whichrelated to the Constitutions admissible within the German League.

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