People

The sudden change in Alexanderremoved Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 8:19:03 +0000
Yielding to the apprehensions of Frederick William, perhapswith the hope of dispelling them at some future time, he took his placeamong the alarmists of the day, and suffered the German policy of Prussia,to which so great a future lay open a few years before, to become the merereflex of Austrian inaction and repression. [286] England, so long as itwas represented on the Continent by Castlereagh and Wellington, scarcelycounted for anything on the side of liberty. The sudden change in Alexanderremoved the one check that stood in Austria's way; and from this timeMetternich exercised an authority in Europe such as few statesmen have everpossessed.

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Before the endof the Conference Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 8:30:32 +0000
His influence, overborne by that of the Czar during 1814 and1815, struck root at the Conference of Aix-la-Chapelle, maintained itselfunimpaired during five eventful years, and sank only when the death of LordCastlereagh allowed the real voice of England once more to be heard, andCanning, too late to forbid the work of repression in Italy and in Spain,inaugurated, after an interval of forced neutrality, that worthier concertwhich established the independence of Greece.If it is the mark of a clever statesman to know where to press and where togive way, Metternich certainly proved himself one in 1818. Before the endof the Conference he delivered to Hardenberg and to the King of Prussia twopapers containing a complete set of recommendations for the management ofPrussian affairs.

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Havingthus warned the King against Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 8:41:12 +0000
The contents of these documents were singular enough: itis still more singular that they form the history of what actually tookplace in Prussia during the succeeding years. Starting with the assumptionthat the party of revolution had found its lever in the promise of KingFrederick William to create a Representative System, Metternichdemonstrated in polite language to the very men who had made this promise,that any central Representation would inevitably overthrow the PrussianState; pointed out that the King's dominions consisted of seven Provinces;and recommended Frederick William to fulfil his promise only by giving toeach Province a Diet for the discussion of its own local concerns. Havingthus warned the King against creating a National Parliament, like thatwhich had thrown France into revolution in 1789, Metternich exhibited thespecific dangers of the moment and the means of overcoming them.

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The Gymnastic establishment Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 8:55:41 +0000
Thesedangers were Universities, Gymnastic establishments, and the Press. "Therevolutionists," he said, "despairing of effecting their aim themselves,have formed the settled plan of educating the next generation forrevolution. The Gymnastic establishment is a preparatory school forUniversity disorders.

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Gymnasia,on the contrary, were invented Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 9:12:16 +0000
The University seizes the youth as he leaves boyhood,and gives him a revolutionary training. This mischief is common to allGermany, and must be checked by joint action of the Governments. Gymnasia,on the contrary, were invented at Berlin, and spring from Berlin.

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The whole institutionin every shape Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 9:29:28 +0000
Forthese, palliative measures are no longer sufficient. It has become a dutyof State for the King of Prussia to destroy the evil. The whole institutionin every shape must be closed and uprooted.

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The Emperor Francis, whose imagination Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 9:47:09 +0000
" With regard to the abuse ofthe Press, Metternich contented himself with saying that a difference oughtto be made between substantial books and mere pamphlets or journals; andthat the regulation of the Press throughout Germany at large could only beeffected by an agreement between Austria and Prussia. [287]With a million men under arms, the Sovereigns who had overthrown Napoleontrembled because thirty or forty journalists and professors pitched theirrhetoric rather too high, and because wise heads did not grow uponschoolboys' shoulders. The Emperor Francis, whose imagination had failed torise to the glories of the Holy Alliance, alone seems to have had somesuspicion of the absurdity of the present alarms.

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The chief of all was Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 10:05:31 +0000
[288] The Czardistinguished himself by his zeal against the lecturers who were turningthe world upside down. As if Metternich had not frightened the Congressenough already, the Czar distributed at Aix-la-Chapelle a pamphletpublished by one Stourdza, a Moldavian, which described Germany as on thebrink of revolution, and enumerated half a score of mortal disorders whichracked that unfortunate country. The chief of all was the vicious system ofthe Universities, which instead of duly developing the vessel of theChristian State from the cradle of Moses, [289] brought up young men to bedespisers of law and instruments of a licentious Press.

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Stourdza's pamphlet, in which loose reasoning Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 10:23:39 +0000
The ingeniousMoldavian, whose expressions in some places bear a singular resemblance tothose of Alexander, while in others they are actually identical withreflections of Metternich's not then published, went on to enlighten theGerman Governments as to the best means of rescuing their subjects fromtheir perilous condition. Certain fiscal and administrative changes werebriefly suggested, but the main reform urged was exactly that propounded byMetternich, the enforcement of a better discipline and of a morerigidly-prescribed course of study at the Universities, along with thesupervision of all journals and periodical literature.Stourdza's pamphlet, in which loose reasoning was accompanied by thecoarsest invective, would have gained little attention if it had dependedon its own merits or on the reputation of its author: it became a differentmatter when it was known to represent the views of the Czar.

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The Czar himself was out Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 10:39:23 +0000
A vehement butnatural outcry arose at the Universities against this interference of theforeigner with German domestic affairs. National independence, it seemed,had been won in the deadly struggle against France only in order thatinternal liberty, the promised fruit of this independence, should besacrificed at the bidding of Russia. The Czar himself was out of reach: thevengeance of outraged patriotism fell upon an insignificant person who hadthe misfortune to be regarded as his principal agent.

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