People

To combine with threePowers Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 6:00:27 +0000
He foresawthat it would really amount to a combination of governments againstliberty. Therefore, while recognising the existing engagements of thiscountry, he urged that England ought to join in no combination except thatto which it had already pledged itself, namely, the combination made withthe definite object of resisting French disturbance. To combine with threePowers to prevent Napoleon or the Jacobins from again becoming masters ofFrance was a reasonable act of policy: to combine with all the Great Powersof Europe against nothing in particular was to place the country on theside of governments against peoples, and to involve England in anyenterprise of repression which the Courts might think fit to undertake.

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In memorable words the Prime Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 6:11:21 +0000
Canning's warning opened the eyes of his colleagues to the view which waslikely to be taken of such a general alliance by Parliament and by publicopinion. Lord Castlereagh was forbidden to make this country a party to anyabstract union of Governments. In memorable words the Prime Ministerdescribed the true grounds for the decision: "We must recollect in thewhole of this business, and ought to make our Allies feel, that the generaland European discussion of these questions will be in the BritishParliament.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Peace might or might not Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 6:23:47 +0000
" [282] Fear of the rising voice of the nation, no longer forcedby military necessities to sanction every measure of its rulers, compelledLords Liverpool and Castlereagh to take account of scruples which were nottheir own. On the same grounds, while the Ministry agreed that Continentaldifficulties which might hereafter arise ought to be settled by a friendlydiscussion among the Great Powers, it declined to elevate this occasionaldeliberation into a system, and to assent to the periodical meeting of aCongress. Peace might or might not be promoted by the frequent gatheringsof Sovereigns and statesmen; but a council so formed, if permanent in itsnature, would necessarily extinguish the independence of every minor State,and hand over the government of all Europe to the Great Courts, if onlythey could agree with one another.

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[283] This Treaty, however, was Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 6:34:13 +0000
It was the refusal of England to enter into a general league thatdetermined the form in which the results of the Conference of 1818 wereembodied. In the first place the Quadruple Alliance against Frenchrevolution was renewed, and with such seriousness that the military centreswere fixed, at which, in case of any outbreak, the troops of each of theGreat Powers should assemble. [283] This Treaty, however, was kept secret,in order not to add to the difficulties of Richelieu.

Autor of the post: Undefined

For this endmeetings Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 6:51:27 +0000
The publisheddocuments breathed another spirit. [284] Without announcing an actualalliance with King Louis XVIII, the Courts, including England, declaredthat through the restoration of legitimate and constitutional monarchyFrance had regained its place in the councils of Europe, and that it wouldhereafter co-operate in maintaining the general peace. For this endmeetings of the sovereigns or their ministers might be necessary; suchmeetings would, however, be arranged by the ordinary modes of negotiation,nor would the affairs of any minor State be discussed by the Great Powers,except at the direct invitation of that State, whose representatives wouldthen be admitted to the sittings.

Autor of the post: Undefined

They had formedno new political Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 7:08:43 +0000
In these guarded words the intention offorming a permanent and organised Court of Control over Europe wasdisclaimed. A manifesto, addressed to the world at large, declared that thesovereigns of the five great States had no other object in their union thanthe maintenance of peace on the basis of existing treaties. They had formedno new political combinations; their rule was the observance ofinternational law; their object the prosperity and moral welfare of theirsubjects.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Experience proved that theCongresses Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 7:20:20 +0000
The earnestness with which the statesmen of 1818, while accepting theconditions laid down by England, persevered in the project of a jointregulation of European affairs may suggest the question whether the planwhich they had at heart would not in truth have operated to the benefit ofmankind. The answer is, that the value of any International Council dependsfirstly on the intelligence which it is likely to possess, and secondly onthe degree in which it is really representative. Experience proved that theCongresses which followed 1818 possessed but a limited intelligence, andthat they represented nothing at all but authority.

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A note ofalarm had been Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 7:36:56 +0000
The meeting atAix-la-Chapelle was itself the turning-point in the constitutional historyof Europe. Though no open declaration was made against constitutionalforms, every Sovereign and every minister who attended the Conference leftit with the resolution to draw the reins of government tighter. A note ofalarm had been sounded.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Up to this time Metternich Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 7:53:52 +0000
Conspiracies in Belgium, an attempt on the life ofWellington, rumours of a plot to rescue Napoleon from St Helena, combinedwith the outcry against the German Universities and the whispered talesfrom Moscow in filling the minds of statesmen with apprehensions. Thechange which had taken place in Alexander himself was of the most seriousmoment. Up to this time Metternich, the leader of European Conservatism,had felt that in the Czar there were sympathies with Liberalism andenlightenment which made the future of Europe doubtful.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Hardenberg, broken in health and ill-supported Post Date: Sat, 9 Aug 2008 8:06:10 +0000
[285] To check thedissolution of existing power, to suppress all tendency to change, was thehabitual object of Austria, and the Czar was the one person who had seemedlikely to prevent the principles of Austria from becoming the law ofEurope. Elsewhere Metternich had little to fear in the way of opposition.Hardenberg, broken in health and ill-supported by his King, had ceased tobe a power.

Autor of the post: Undefined

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