People

The conflict between the men Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 10:14:34 +0000
This was to make a mock of theclause in the Charta which abolished confiscation. The report of thecommittee caused the utmost dismay both in France itself and among therepresentatives of foreign Powers at Paris. The conflict between the men ofreaction and the Government had openly broken out; Richelieu's Ministry,the guarantee of peace, seemed to be on the point of falling.

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Theproposal to restore confiscation under Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 10:27:47 +0000
On the 2nd ofJanuary, 1816, the Chamber proceeded to discuss the Bill of the Governmentand the amendments of the committee. The debate lasted four days; it wasonly by the repeated use of the King's own name that the Ministerssucceeded in gaining a majority of nine votes against the two principalcategories of exception appended to the amnesty by their opponents. Theproposal to restore confiscation under the form of civil actions wasrejected by a much greater majority, but on the vote affecting theregicides the Government was defeated.

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Among other well-known men, Carnot Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 10:47:21 +0000
This indeed was considered of nogreat moment. Richelieu, content with having averted measures which wouldhave exposed several hundred persons to death, exile, or pecuniary ruin,consented to banish from France the regicides who had acknowledgedNapoleon, along with the thirty-eight persons named in the second list ofJuly 24th. Among other well-known men, Carnot, who had rendered such greatservices to his country, went to die in exile.

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Theprisons were already crowded Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 10:57:30 +0000
Of the seventeen companionsof Ney and Lab餯y貥 in the first list of July 24th, most had escaped fromFrance; one alone suffered death. [269] But the persons originally excludedfrom the amnesty and the regicides exiled by the Assembly formed but asmall part of those on whom the vengeance of the Royalists fell; for it wasprovided that the amnesty-law should apply to no one against whomproceedings had been taken before the formal promulgation of the law. Theprisons were already crowded with accused persons, who thus remainedexposed to punishment; and after the law had actually passed the Chamber,telegraph-signals were sent over the country by Clarke, the Minister ofWar, ordering the immediate accusation of several others.

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[271] The central government indeed had Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 11:16:13 +0000
One distinguishedsoldier at least, General Travot, was sentenced to death on proceedingsthus instituted between the passing and the promulgation of the law ofamnesty. [270] Executions, however, were not numerous except in the southof France, but an enormous number of persons were imprisoned or driven fromtheir homes, some by judgment of the law-courts, some by the exercise ofthe powers conferred on the administration by the law of Public Security.[271] The central government indeed had less part in this species ofpersecution than the Pr馥ts and other local authorities, though withintheir own departments Clarke and Vaublanc set an example which others werenot slow to follow.

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The new-comers were professed agents Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 11:28:25 +0000
Royalist committees were formed all over the country,and assumed the same kind of irregular control over the officials of theirdistricts as had been practised by the Jacobin committees of 1793.Thousands of persons employed in all grades of the public service, inschools and colleges as well as in the civil administration, in thelaw-courts as well as in the army and navy, were dismissed from theirposts. The new-comers were professed agents of the reaction; those who werepermitted to retain their offices strove to outdo their colleagues in theirrenegade zeal for the new order.

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The clergy threw in their Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 11:40:46 +0000
It was seen again, as it had been seenunder the Republic and under the Empire, that if virtue has limits,servility has none. The same men who had hunted down the peasant forsheltering his children from Napoleon's conscription now hunted down thosewho were stigmatised as Bonapartists. The clergy threw in their lot withthe victorious party, and denounced to the magistrates their parishionerswho treated them with disrespect.

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Within the Chamber of Deputies Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 11:54:25 +0000
[272] Darker pages exist in Frenchhistory than the reaction of 1815, none more contemptible. It is thedeepest condemnation of the violence of the Republic and the despotism ofthe Empire that the generation formed by it should have produced the classwho could exhibit, and the public who could tolerate, the prodigies ofbaseness which attended the second Bourbon restoration.Within the Chamber of Deputies the Ultra-Royalist majority had gainedParliamentary experience in the debates on the Amnesty Bill and the Law ofPublic Security: their own policy now took a definite shape, and tooutbursts of passion there succeeded the attempt to realise ideas.

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WithArtois on the throne Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 12:09:16 +0000
Hatredof the Revolution and all its works was still the dominant impulse of theAssembly; but whatever may have been the earlier desire of theUltra-Royalist noblesse, it was no longer their intention to restore thepolitical system that existed before 1789. They would in that case havedesired to restore absolute monarchy, and to surrender the power whichseemed at length to have fallen into the hands of their own class. WithArtois on the throne this might have been possible, for Artois, though heirto the crown, was still what he had been in his youth, the chief of aparty: with Louis XVIII and Richelieu at the head of the State, theUltra-Royalists became the adversaries of royal prerogative and thechampions of the rights of Parliament.

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New political vistasopened Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 12:27:46 +0000
Before the Revolution the noblessehad possessed privileges; it had not possessed political power. TheConstitution of 1814 had unexpectedly given it, under representative forms,the influence denied to it under the old monarchy. New political vistasopened; and the men who had hitherto made St Louis and Henry iv thesubject of their declamations, now sought to extend the rights ofParliament to the utmost, and to perpetuate in succeeding assemblies therule of the present majority.

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