People

They had already shown before Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 5:14:12 +0000
The bulkof the candidates returned were country gentlemen whose names had neverbeen heard of in public life since 1789, men who had resigned themselves toinaction and obscurity under the Republic and the Empire, and whose onepolitical idea was to reverse the injuries done by the Revolution to theircaste and to their Church. They were Royalists because a Bourbon monarchyalone could satisfy their claims: they called themselves ultra-Royalists,but they were so only in the sense that they required the monarchy torecognise no ally but themselves. They had already shown before Napoleon'sreturn that their real chief was the Count of Artois, not the King; in whatform their ultra-Royalism would exhibit itself in case the King should notsubmit to be their instrument remained to be proved.

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Talleyrand promptly disencumbered himself Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 5:24:20 +0000
The first result of the elections was the downfall of Talleyrand's LiberalMinistry. The Count of Artois and the courtiers, who had been glad enoughto secure Fouch駳 services while their own triumph was doubtful, nowjoined in the outcry of the country gentlemen again this monster ofiniquity. Talleyrand promptly disencumbered himself of his old friend, andprepared to meet the new Parliament as an ultra-Royalist; but in the eyesof the victorious party Talleyrand himself, the married priest and thereputed accomplice in the murder of the Duke of Enghien, was little betterthan his regicide colleague; and before the Assembly met he was forced toretire from power.

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Winning his first laurels Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 5:36:09 +0000
His successor, the Duc de Richelieu, was recommended to Louis XVIII by theCzar. Richelieu had quitted France early in the Revolution, and, unlikemost of the emigrants, had played a distinguished part in the country whichgave him refuge. Winning his first laurels in the siege of Ismail underSuvaroff, he had subsequently been made Governor of the Euxine provinces ofRussia, and the flourishing town of Odessa had sprung up under his rule.

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His relation to Alexander proved Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 5:46:42 +0000
His reputation as an administrator was high; his personal charactersingularly noble and disinterested. Though the English Government looked atfirst with apprehension upon a Minister so closely connected with the Czarof Russia, Richelieu's honesty and truthfulness soon gained him the respectof every foreign Court. His relation to Alexander proved of great serviceto France in lightening the burden of the army of occupation; his equity,his acquaintance with the real ends of monarchical government, made him,though no lover of liberty, a valuable Minister in face of an Assemblywhich represented nothing but the passions and the ideas of a reactionaryclass.

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The Ministry inconsequence was not Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 6:00:25 +0000
But Richelieu had been too long absent from France to grasp thedetails of administration with a steady hand. The men, the parties of 1815,were new to him: it is said that he was not acquainted by sight with mostof his colleagues when he appointed them to their posts. The Ministry inconsequence was not at unity within itself.

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Twenty-nine of the peers Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 6:12:26 +0000
Some of its members, likeDecazes, were more liberal than their chief; others, like Clarke andVaublanc, old servants of Napoleon now turned ultra-Royalists, were eagerto make themselves the instruments of the Count of Artois, and to carryinto the work of government the enthusiasm of revenge which had alreadyfound voice in the elections.The session opened on the 7th of October. Twenty-nine of the peers, who hadjoined Napoleon during the Hundred Days, were excluded from the House, andreplaced by adherents of the Bourbons; nevertheless the peers as a bodyopposed themselves to extreme reaction, and, in spite of Chateaubriand'ssanguinary harangues, supported the moderate policy of Richelieu againstthe majority of the Lower House.

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While taking power to imprison all Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 6:31:30 +0000
The first demand of the Chamber ofDeputies was for retribution upon traitors; [263] their first conflict withthe Government of Louis XVIII arose upon the measures which were broughtforward by the Ministry for the preservation of public security and thepunishment of seditious acts. The Ministers were attacked, not becausetheir measures were too severe, but because they were not severe enough.While taking power to imprison all suspected persons without trial, or toexpel them from their homes, Decazes, the Police-Minister, proposed topunish incitements to sedition by fines and terms of imprisonment varyingaccording to the gravity of the offence.

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When it waspointed out Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 6:47:17 +0000
So mild a penalty excited thewrath of men whose fathers and brothers had perished on the guillotine.Some cried out for death, others for banishment to Cayenne. When it waspointed out that the infliction of capital punishment for the mere attemptat sedition would place this on a level with armed rebellion, it wasanswered that a distinction might be maintained by adding in the lattercase the ancient punishment of parricide, the amputation of the hand.

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The Minister ofJustice, Barb魍arbois Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 7:03:26 +0000
Extravagances like this belonged rather to the individuals than to a party;but the vehemence of the Chamber forced the Government to submit to arevision of its measure. Transportation to Cayenne, but not death, wasultimately included among the penalties for seditious acts. The Minister ofJustice, Barb魍arbois, who had himself been transported to Cayenne bythe Jacobins in 1797, was able to satisfy the Chamber from his ownexperience that they were not erring on the side of mercy.

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Ney was included Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 7:19:31 +0000
[264]It was in the midst of these heated debates that Marshal Ney was brought totrial for high treason. A so-called Edict of Amnesty had been published bythe King on the 24th of July, containing the names of nineteen persons whowere to be tried by courts-martial on capital charges, and of thirty-eightothers who were to be either exiled or brought to justice, as the Chambermight determine. Ney was included in the first category.

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