People

Prussia, which had neither Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 2:33:44 +0000
Metternich actuallyprohibited the Sovereigns over whom his influence extended from grantingtheir subjects liberty: England, believing the Sovereigns to be moreliberal than they were, did not interfere to preserve constitutions fromdestruction.Such was the general character of the influence now exercised by the threeleading Powers of Europe. Prussia, which had neither a fleet like England,an Italian connection like Austria, nor an ambitious Sovereign like Russia,concerned itself little with distant States, and limited its direct actionto the affairs of France, in which it possessed a substantial interest,inasmuch as the indemnities due from Louis XVIII had yet to be paid.

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No sooner had the news Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 2:48:21 +0000
Thepossibility of recovering these sums depended upon the maintenance of peaceand order in France; and from the first it was recognised by everyGovernment in Europe that the principal danger to peace and order arosefrom the conduct of the Count of Artois and his friends, the party ofreaction. The counterrevolutionary movement began in mere riot and outrage.No sooner had the news of the battle of Waterloo reached the south ofFrance than the Royalist mob of Marseilles drove the garrison out of thetown, and attacked the quarter inhabited by the Mameluke families whomNapoleon had brought from Egypt.

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Religious fanaticism herestimulated the passion Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 3:07:25 +0000
Thirteen of these unfortunate persons, andabout as many Bonapartist citizens, were murdered. [262] A few weeks laterNismes was given over to anarchy and pillage. Religious fanaticism herestimulated the passion of political revenge.

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Bands ofvolunteers had been formed Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 3:22:44 +0000
The middle class in Nismesitself and a portion of the surrounding population were Protestant, and hadhailed Napoleon's return from Elba as a deliverance from the ascendancy ofpriests, and from the threatened revival of the persecutions which they hadsuffered under the old Bourbon monarchy. The Catholics, who were much morenumerous, included the lowest class in the town, the larger landedproprietors of the district, and above half of the peasantry. Bands ofvolunteers had been formed by the Duke of Angoulꭥ at the beginning of theHundred Days, in the hope of sustaining a civil war against Napoleon.

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The garrison, after firing upon Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 3:32:52 +0000
Aftercapitulating to the Emperor's generals, some companies had been attacked byvillagers and hunted down like wild beasts. The bands now reassembled andentered Nismes. The garrison, after firing upon them, were forced to giveup their arms, and in this defenceless state a considerable number of thesoldiers were shot down (July 17).

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TheGovernment acted slowly and feebly Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 3:47:34 +0000
On the next day the leaders of the armedmob began to use their victory. For several weeks murder and outrage,deliberately planned and publicly announced, kept not only Nismes itself,but a wide extent of the surrounding country in constant terror. TheGovernment acted slowly and feebly; the local authorities were intimidated;and, in spite of the remonstrances of Wellington and the RussianAmbassador, security was not restored until the Allies took the matter intotheir own hands, and a detachment of Austrian troops occupied theDepartment of the Gard.

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At Toulouse, General Ramel, himself Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 4:01:42 +0000
Other districts in the south of France witnessedthe same outbreaks of Royalist ferocity. Avignon was disgraced by themurder of Marshal Brune, conqueror of the Russians and English in the Dutchcampaign of 1799, an honest soldier, who after suffering Napoleon's neglectin the time of prosperity, had undertaken the heavy task of governingMarseilles during the Hundred Days. At Toulouse, General Ramel, himself aRoyalist, was mortally wounded by a band of assassins, and savagelymutilated while lying disabled and expiring.

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The barbarities of 1815 were Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 4:18:57 +0000
Crimes like these were the counterpart of the September massacres of 1792;and the terrorism exercised by the Royalists in 1815 has been compared, asa whole, with the Republican Reign of Terror twenty-two years earlier. Butthe comparison does little credit to the historical sense of those whosuggested it. The barbarities of 1815 were strictly local: shocking as theywere, they scarcely amounted in all to an average day's work of Carrier orFouch頩n 1794; and the action of the established Government, thoughculpably weak, was not itself criminal.

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TheLiberals and the adherents Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 4:36:27 +0000
A second and more dangerous stageof reaction began, however, when the work of popular vengeance closed.Elections for a new Chamber of Deputies were held at the end of August. TheLiberals and the adherents of Napoleon, paralysed by the disasters ofFrance and the invaders' presence, gave up all as lost: the Ministers ofLouis XVIII abstained from the usual electoral manoeuvres, Talleyrandthrough carelessness, Fouch頦rom a desire to see parties evenly balanced:the ultra-Royalists alone had extended their organisation over France, andthrew themselves into the contest with the utmost passion and energy.

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The result was Post Date: Fri, 8 Aug 2008 4:54:16 +0000
Numerically weak, they had the immense forces of the local administrationon their side. The Pr馥ts had gone over heart and soul to the cause of theCount of Artois, who indeed represented to them that he was acting underthe King's own directions. The result was that an Assembly was elected towhich France has seen only one parallel since, namely in the Parliament of1871, elected when invaders again occupied the country, and the despotismof a second Bonaparte had ended in the same immeasurable calamity.

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