People

He was anxious to keep Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 21:38:08 +0000
Ambition mingled withdisinterested impulses in the foreign policy of the Czar. It was impossiblethat Alexander should forget the league into which England and Austria hadso lately entered against him. He was anxious to keep France on his side;he was not inclined to forego the satisfaction of weakening Austria bysupporting national hopes in Italy; [252] and he hoped to create somecounterpoise to England's maritime power by allying Russia with astrengthened and better-administered Spain.

Autor of the post: Undefined

In the eyes of Prince Metternich Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 21:49:33 +0000
Agents of the Czar abounded inItaly and in Germany, but in no capital was the Ambassador of Russia moreactive than in Madrid. General Tatistcheff, who was appointed to this postin 1814, became the terror of all his colleagues and of the Cabinet ofLondon from his extraordinary activity in intrigue; but in relation to theinternal affairs of Spain his influence was beneficial; and it wasfrequently directed towards the support of reforming Ministers, whom KingFerdinand, if free from foreign pressure, would speedily have sacrificed tothe pleasure of his favourites and confessors.In the eyes of Prince Metternich, the all-powerful Minister of Austria,Alexander was little better than a Jacobin.

Autor of the post: Undefined

If Francis was not Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:08:32 +0000
The Austrian State, though itsfrontiers had been five times changed since 1792, had continued in aremarkable degree free from the impulse to internal change. The EmperorFrancis was the personification of resistance to progress; the Ministerowed his unrivalled position not more to his own skilful statesmanship inthe great crisis of 1813 than to a genuine accord with the feelings of hismaster. If Francis was not a man of intellect, Metternich was certainly aman of character; and for a considerable period they succeeded inimpressing the stamp of their own strongly-marked Austrian policy uponEurope.

Autor of the post: Undefined

In the old Austrian dominions Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:23:31 +0000
The force of their influence sprang from no remote source; it wasdue mainly to a steady intolerance of all principles not their own.Metternich described his system with equal simplicity and precision as anattempt neither to innovate nor to go back to the past, but to keep thingsas they were. In the old Austrian dominions this was not difficult to do,for things had no tendency to move and remained fixed of themselves; [253]but on the outside, both on the north and on the south, ideas were at workwhich, according to Metternich, ought never to have entered the world, but,having unfortunately gained admittance, made it the task of Governments toresist their influence by all available means.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The weakness and timidity Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:36:44 +0000
Stein and the leaders of thePrussian War of Liberation had agitated Germany with hopes of nationalunity, of Parliaments, and of the impulsion of the executive powers ofState by public opinion. Against these northern innovators, Metternich hadalready won an important victory in the formation of the FederalConstitution. The weakness and timidity of the King of Prussia made itprobable that, although he was now promising his subjects a Constitution,he might at no distant date be led to unite with other German Governmentsin a system of repression, and in placing Liberalism under the ban of theDiet.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Napoleon's kingdom and army Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:50:01 +0000
In Italy, according to the conservative statesman, the same dangersexisted and the same remedies were required. Austria, through theacquisition of Venice, now possessed four times as large a territory beyondthe Alps as it had possessed before 1792; but the population was no longerthe quiescent and contented folk that it had been in the days of MariaTheresa. Napoleon's kingdom and army of Italy had taught the peoplewarfare, and given them political aims and a more masculine spirit.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Metternich was perfectly clear Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 23:02:29 +0000
Metternich's own generals had promised the Italians independence when theyentered the country in 1814; Murat's raid a year later had actually beenundertaken in the name of Italian unity. These were disagreeable incidents,and signs were not wanting of the existence of a revolutionary spirit inthe Italian provinces of Austria, especially among the officers who hadserved under Napoleon. Metternich was perfectly clear as to the duties ofhis Government.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The design was so ambitiousthat Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 23:14:06 +0000
The Italians might have a Viceroy to keep Court at Milan, abody of native officials to conduct their minor affairs, and a mockCongregation or Council, without any rights, powers, or functions whatever;if this did not satisfy them, they were a rebellious people, and governmentmust be conducted by means of spies, police, and the dungeons of theSpielberg. [254]On this system, backed by great military force, there was nothing to fearfrom the malcontents of Lombardy and Venice: it remained for Metternich toextend the same security to the rest of the peninsula, and by a series oftreaties to effect the double end of exterminating constitutionalgovernment and of establishing an Austrian Protectorate over the entirecountry, from the Alps to the Sicilian Straits. The design was so ambitiousthat Metternich had not dared to disclose it at the Congress of Vienna; itwas in fact a direct violation of the Treaty of Paris, and of theresolution of the Congress, that Italy, outside the possessions of Austria,should consist of independent States.

Autor of the post: Undefined

[255] Ferdinand, two years before, had Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 23:32:52 +0000
The first Sovereign over whom the netwas cast was Ferdinand of Naples. On the 15th of June, 1815, immediatelyafter the overthrow of Murat, King Ferdinand signed a Treaty of Alliancewith Austria, which contained a secret clause, pledging the King tointroduce no change into his recovered kingdom inconsistent with its ownold monarchical principles, or with the principles which had been adoptedby the Emperor of Austria for the government of his Italian provinces.[255] Ferdinand, two years before, had been compelled by Great Britain togrant Sicily a Constitution, and was at this very moment promising one toNaples.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Tuscany, Modena, andParma entered into Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 23:44:32 +0000
The Sicilian Constitution was now tacitly condemned; theNeapolitans were duped. By a further secret clause, the two contractingSovereigns undertook to communicate to one another everything that shouldcome to their knowledge affecting the security and tranquillity of theItalian peninsula; in other words, the spies and the police of Ferdinandwere now added to Metternich's staff in Lombardy. Tuscany, Modena, andParma entered into much the same condition of vassalage; but the scheme fora universal federation of Italy under Austria's leadership failed throughthe resistance of Piedmont and of the Pope.

Autor of the post: Undefined

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