People

As the Prince Regent was Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 11:16:03 +0000
"It isverbiage," said Metternich; and his master, though unwillingly, signed thetreaty. With England the case was still worse. As the Prince Regent was notin Paris, Alexander had to confide the articles of the Holy Alliance toLord Castlereagh.

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" [243]Apart, however, from the Czar's Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 11:34:48 +0000
Of all things in the world the most incomprehensible toCastlereagh was religious enthusiasm. "The fact is," he wrote home to theEnglish Premier, "that the Emperor's mind is not completely sound." [243]Apart, however, from the Czar's sanity or insanity, it was impossible forthe Prince Regent, or for any person except the responsible Minister, tosign a treaty, whether it meant anything or nothing, in the name of GreatBritain.

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A compromise was invented Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 11:49:43 +0000
Castlereagh was in great perplexity. On the one hand, he feared towound a powerful ally; on the other, he dared not violate the forms of theConstitution. A compromise was invented.

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Twopotentates alone received no invitation Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 12:05:42 +0000
The Treaty of the Holy Alliancewas not graced with the name of the Prince Regent, but the Czar received aletter declaring that his principles had the personal approval of thisgreat authority on religion and morality. The Kings of Naples and Sardiniawere the next to subscribe, and in due time the names of the witty glutton,Louis XVIII, and of the abject Ferdinand of Spain were added. Twopotentates alone received no invitation from the Czar to enter the League:the Pope, because he possessed too much authority within the ChristianChurch, and the Sultan, because he possessed none at all.

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The concert of the Powers Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 12:21:09 +0000
Such was the history of the Treaty of Holy Alliance, of which, it may besafely said, no single person connected with it, except the Czar and theKing of Prussia, thought without a smile. The common belief that thisTreaty formed the basis of a great monarchical combination against Liberalprinciples is erroneous; for, in the first place, no such combinationexisted before the year 1818; and, in the second place, the Czar, who wasthe author of the Treaty, was at this time the zealous friend of Liberalismboth in his own and in other countries. The concert of the Powers wasindeed provided for by articles signed on the same day as the Peace ofParis; but this concert, which, unlike the Holy Alliance, included England,was directed towards the perpetual exclusion of Napoleon from power, andthe maintenance of the established Government in France.

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[244]Thus terminated, certainly without any Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 12:38:59 +0000
The Allies pledgedthemselves to act in union if revolution or usurpation should againconvulse France and endanger the repose of other States, and undertook toresist with their whole force any attack that might be made upon the armyof occupation. The federative unity which for a moment Europe seemed tohave gained from the struggle against Napoleon, and the belief existing insome quarters in its long continuance, were strikingly shown in the lastarticle of this Quadruple Treaty, which provided that, after the holding ofa Congress at the end of three or more years, the Sovereigns or Ministersof all the four great Powers should renew their meetings at fixedintervals, for the purpose of consulting upon their common interests, andconsidering the measures best fitted to secure the repose and prosperity ofnations, and the continuance of the peace of Europe. [244]Thus terminated, certainly without any undue severity, yet not without someloss to the conquered nation, the work of 1815 in France.

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This work had been referred Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 12:49:42 +0000
In the meantimethe Congress of Vienna, though interrupted by the renewal of war, hadresumed and completed its labours. One subject of the first importanceremained unsettled when Napoleon returned, the federal organisation ofGermany. This work had been referred by the Powers in the autumn of 1814 toa purely German committee, composed of the representatives of Austria andPrussia and of three of the Minor States; but the first meetings of thecommittee only showed how difficult was the problem, and how little theinclination in most quarters to solve it.

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Tosecure Germany from being again Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 13:09:39 +0000
The objects with which statesmenlike Stein demanded an effective federation were thoroughly plain andpractical. They sought, in the first place, that Germany should be renderedcapable of defending itself against the foreigner; and in the second place,that the subjects of the minor princes, who had been made absolute rulersby Napoleon, should now be guaranteed against despotic oppression. Tosecure Germany from being again conquered by France, it was necessary thatthe members of the League, great and small, should abandon something oftheir separate sovereignty, and create a central authority with the soleright of making war and alliances.

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But eventhen no statesman had Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 13:28:24 +0000
To protect the subjects of the minorprinces from the abuse of power, it was necessary that certain definitecivil rights and a measure of representative government should be assuredby Federal Law to the inhabitants of every German State, and enforced bythe central authority on the appeal of subjects against their Sovereigns.There was a moment when some such form of German union had seemed to beclose at hand, the moment when Prussia began its final struggle withNapoleon, and the commander of the Czar's army threatened the Germanvassals of France with the loss of their thrones (Feb, 1813). But eventhen no statesman had satisfied himself how Prussia and Austria were tounite in submission to a Federal Government; and from the time when Austriamade terms with the vassal princes little hope of establishing a reallyeffective authority at the centre of Germany remained.

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Stein saw that the work Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 13:41:00 +0000
Stein, at theCongress of Vienna, once more proposed to restore the title and thelong-vanished powers of the Emperor; but he found no inclination on thepart of Metternich to promote his schemes for German unity, while some ofthe minor princes flatly refused to abandon any fraction of theirsovereignty over their own subjects. The difficulties in the way ofestablishing a Federal State were great, perhaps insuperable; the statesmenanxious for it few in number; the interests opposed to it all butuniversal. Stein saw that the work was intended to be unsubstantial, andwithdrew himself from it before its completion.

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