People

He acted without waiting for Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 20:46:03 +0000
Austria declared that it shouldtreat the entry either of French or of Neapolitan troops into NorthernItaly as an act of war. Murat, as soon as Napoleon's landing in Francebecame known, protested to the Allies that he intended to remain faithfulto them, but he also sent assurances of friendship to Napoleon, andforthwith invaded the Papal States. He acted without waiting for Napoleon'sinstructions, and probably with the intention of winning all Italy forhimself even if Napoleon should victoriously re-establish his Empire.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The feeling of the towns Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 20:58:26 +0000
Onthe 10th of April, Austria declared war against him. Murat pressed forwardand entered Bologna, now openly proclaiming the unity and independence ofItaly. The feeling of the towns and of the educated classes generallyseemed to be in his favour, but no national rising took place.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The enterpriseended in swift Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 21:09:31 +0000
After someindecisive encounters with the Austrians, Murat retreated. As he fell backtowards the Neapolitan frontier, his troops melted away. The enterpriseended in swift and total ruin; and on the 22nd of May an English andAustrian force took possession of the city of Naples in the name of KingFerdinand.

Autor of the post: Undefined

He would gladly have deferred Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 21:21:46 +0000
Murat, leaving his family behind him, fled to France, and soughtin vain to gain a place by the side of Napoleon in his last great struggle,and to retrieve as a soldier the honour which he had lost as a king. [231]In the midst of his preparations for war with all Europe, Napoleon found itnecessary to give some satisfaction to that desire for liberty which wasagain so strong in France. He would gladly have deferred all politicalchange until victory over the foreigner had restored his own undisputedascendency over men's minds; he was resolved at any rate not to be harassedby a Constituent Assembly, like that of 1789, at the moment of his greatestperil; and the action of King Louis XVIII in granting liberty by Chartagave him a precedent for creating a Constitution by an Edict supplementaryto the existing laws of the Empire.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Constant, believing the Emperor Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 21:35:25 +0000
Among the Liberal politicians who haddeclared for King Louis XVIII while Napoleon was approaching Paris, one ofthe most eminent was Benjamin Constant, who had published an articleattacking the Emperor with great severity on the very day when he enteredthe capital. Napoleon now invited Constant to the Tuileries, assured himthat he no longer either desired or considered it possible to maintain anabsolute rule in France, and requested Constant himself to undertake thetask of drawing up a Constitution. Constant, believing the Emperor to be insome degree sincere, accepted the proposals made to him, and, at the costof some personal consistency, entered upon the work, in which Napoleon byno means allowed him entire freedom.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The principal differences were Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 21:46:27 +0000
[232] The result of Constant's labourswas the Decree known as the Acte Additionnel of 1815. The leadingprovisions of this Act resembled those of the Charta: both professed toestablish a representative Government and the responsibility of Ministers;both contained the usual phrases guaranteeing freedom of religion andsecurity of person and property. The principal differences were that theChamber of Peers was now made wholly hereditary, and that the Emperorabsolutely refused to admit the clause of the Charta abolishingconfiscation as a penalty for political offences.

Autor of the post: Undefined

As aLiberal statesman, he pressed Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 22:03:35 +0000
On the other hand,Constant definitely extinguished the censorship of the Press, and providedsome real guarantee for the free expression of opinion by enacting thatPress-offences should be judged only in the ordinary Jury-courts. Constantwas sanguine enough to believe that the document which he had composedwould reduce Napoleon to the condition of a constitutional king. As aLiberal statesman, he pressed the Emperor to submit the scheme to aRepresentative Assembly, where it could be examined and amended.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Voting lists were thenopened Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 22:16:01 +0000
ThisNapoleon refused to do, preferring to resort to the fiction of a Pl颩scitefor the purpose of procuring some kind of national sanction for his Edict.The Act was published on the 23rd of April, 1815. Voting lists were thenopened in all the Departments, and the population of France, most of whomwere unable to read or write, were invited to answer Yes or No to thequestion whether they approved of Napoleon's plan for giving his subjectsParliamentary government.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Scarcely a voice was raised Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 22:28:37 +0000
There would have been no difficulty in obtaining some millions of votes forany absurdity that the Emperor might be pleased to lay before the Frenchpeople; but among the educated minority who had political theories of theirown, the publication of this reform by Edict produced the worst possibleimpression. No stronger evidence, it was said, could have been given of theEmperor's insincerity than the dictatorial form in which he affected tobestow liberty upon France. Scarcely a voice was raised in favour of thenew Constitution.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The hostility of public opinion Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 22:40:34 +0000
The measure had in fact failed of its effect. Napoleon'sobject was to excite an enthusiasm that should lead the entire nation, theeducated classes as well as the peasantry, to rally round him in a strugglewith the foreigner for life or death: he found, on the contrary, that hehad actually injured his cause. The hostility of public opinion was soserious that Napoleon judged it wise to make advances to the Liberal party,and sent his brother Joseph to Lafayette, to ascertain on what terms hemight gain his support.

Autor of the post: Undefined

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