People

On the 21st ofJuly Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 0:51:28 +0000
On the 23rd of May the King signed an edict restoring allmonasteries throughout Spain, and reinstating them in their lands. On the24th of June the clergy were declared exempt from taxation. On the 21st ofJuly the Church won its crowning triumph in the re-establishment of theInquisition.

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Commerce was extinct; agricultureabandoned; innumerable Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 1:01:40 +0000
In the meantime the army was left without pay, in some placesactually without food. The country was at the mercy of bands of guerillas,who, since the disappearance of the enemy, had turned into common brigands,and preyed upon their own countrymen. Commerce was extinct; agricultureabandoned; innumerable villages were lying in ruins; the population wasbarbarised by the savage warfare with which for years past it had avengedits own sufferings upon the invader.

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Louis XVIII was at least Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 1:21:39 +0000
Of all the countries of Europe, Spainwas the one in which the events of the Revolutionary epoch seemed to haveleft an effect most nearly approaching to unmixed evil.In comparison with the reaction in the Spanish Peninsula the reaction inFrance was sober and dignified. Louis XVIII was at least a scholar and aman of the world.

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If he had not character,[203] Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 1:36:55 +0000
In the old days, among companions whose names were nowalmost forgotten, he had revelled in Voltaire and dallied with thefashionable Liberalism of the time. In his exile he had played the kingwith some dignity; he was even believed to have learnt some politicalwisdom by his six years' residence in England. If he had not character,[203] he had at least some tact and some sense of humour; and if not aprofound philosopher, he was at least an accomplished epicurean.

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The King, however, was unable Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 1:51:41 +0000
He hatedthe zealotry of his brother, the Count of Artois. He was more inclined toquiz the emigrants than to sacrifice anything on their behalf; and thewhole bent of his mind made him but an insincere ally of the priesthood,who indeed could hardly expect to enjoy such an orgy in France as theirbrethren were celebrating in Spain. The King, however, was unable to imparthis own indifference to the emigrants who returned with him, nor had heimagination enough to identify himself, as King of France, with themilitary glories of the nation and with the democratic army that had wonthem.

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But Louis, though rational, was Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 2:04:58 +0000
Louis held high notions of the royal prerogative: this would not initself have prevented him from being a successful ruler, if he had beencapable of governing in the interest of the nation at large. There were fewRepublicans remaining in France; the centralised institutions of the Empireremained in full vigour; and although the last months of Napoleon's rulehad excited among the educated classes a strong spirit of constitutionalopposition, an able and patriotic Bourbon accepting his new position, andwielding power for the benefit of the people and not of a class, mightperhaps have exercised an authority not much inferior to that possessed bythe Crown before 1789. But Louis, though rational, was inexperienced andsupine.

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Though far less liberal than Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 2:21:16 +0000
He was ready enough to admit into his Ministry and to retain inadministrative posts throughout the country men who had served underNapoleon; but when the emigrants and the nobles, led by the Count ofArtois, pushed themselves to the front of the public service, and treatedthe restoration of the Bourbons as the victory of their own order, the Kingoffered but a faint resistance, and allowed the narrowest class-intereststo discredit a monarchy whose own better traditions identified it not withan aristocracy but with the State.The Constitution promulgated by King Louis XVIII on the 4th of June, 1814,and known as the Charta, [204] was well received by the French nation.Though far less liberal than the Constitution accepted by Louis XVI in1791, it gave to the French a measure of representative government to whichthey had been strangers under Napoleon.

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In spite of this serious Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 2:40:41 +0000
It created two legislativechambers, the Upper House consisting of peers who were nominated by theCrown at its pleasure, whether for life-peerages or hereditary dignity; theLower House formed by national election, but by election restricted by sohigh a property-qualification [205] that not one person in two hundredpossessed a vote. The Crown reserved to itself the sole power of proposinglaws. In spite of this serious limitation of the competence of the twohouses, the Lower Chamber possessed, in its right of refusing taxes and ofdiscussing and rejecting all measures laid before it, a reality of powersuch as no representative body had possessed in France since the beginningof the Consulate.

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The principles of religious freedom Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 2:51:38 +0000
The Napoleonic nobility was placed on an equality withthe old noblesse of France, though neither enjoyed, as nobles, anythingmore than a titular distinction. [206] Purchasers of landed property soldby the State since the beginning of the Revolution were guaranteed in theirpossessions. The principles of religious freedom, of equality before thelaw, and of the admissibility of all classes to public employment, whichhad taken such deep root during the Republic and the Empire, were declaredto form part of the public law of France; and by the side of thesedeeply-cherished rights the Charta of King Louis XVIII placed, though in aqualified form, the long-forgotten principle of the freedom of the Press.

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Of all theinstitutions of France Post Date: Wed, 6 Aug 2008 3:06:29 +0000
Under such a Constitution there was little room for the old noblesse toarrogate to itself any legal superiority over the mass of the Frenchnation. What was wanting in law might, however, in the opinion of the Countof Artois and his friends, be effected by administration. Of all theinstitutions of France the most thoroughly national and the most thoroughlydemocratic was the army; it was accordingly against the army that thenoblesse directed its first efforts.

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