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The Powers whichhad overthrown Napoleon Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 20:03:59 +0000
The Empire of Napoleon had indeed passed away. The conquests won by thefirst soldiers of the Republic were lost to France along with all thelatest spoils of its Emperor; but the restoration which was effected in1814 was no restoration of the political order which had existed on theContinent before the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. The Powers whichhad overthrown Napoleon had been partakers, each in its own season, in thesystem of aggrandisement which had obliterated the old frontiers of Europe.

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Here, though the claims ofRepublics Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 20:22:31 +0000
Russia had gained Finland, Bessarabia, and the greater part of Poland;Austria had won Venice, Dalmatia, and Salzburg; Prussia had receivedbetween the years 1792 and 1806 an extension of territory in Poland andNorthern Germany that more than doubled its area. It was now no part of thepolicy of the victorious Courts to reinstate the governments which they hadthemselves dispossessed: the settlement of 1814, in so far as it deservedthe name of a restoration, was confined to the territory taken fromNapoleon and from princes of his house. Here, though the claims ofRepublics and Ecclesiastical Princes were forgotten, the titles of the olddynasties were freely recognised.

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But the claims of legitimacy Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 20:33:01 +0000
In France itself, in the SpanishPeninsula, in Holland, Westphalia, Piedmont, and Tuscany, the banishedhouses resumed their sovereignty. It cost the Allies nothing to restorethese countries to their hereditary rulers, and it enabled them to describethe work of 1814 in general terms as the restoration of lawful governmentand national independence. But the claims of legitimacy, as well as ofnational right, were, as a matter of fact, only remembered where thereexisted no motive to disregard them; where they conflicted witharrangements of policy, they received small consideration.

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It was in vainthat Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 20:52:59 +0000
Norway, whichformed part of the Danish monarchy, had been promised by Alexander toBernadotte, Crown Prince of Sweden, in 1812, in return for his supportagainst Napoleon, and the bargain had been ratified by the Allies. As soonas Napoleon was overthrown, Bernadotte claimed his reward. It was in vainthat the Norwegians, abandoned by their king, declared themselvesindependent, and protested against being handed over like a flock of sheepby the liberators of Europe.

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Murat, King of Naples, had Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 21:11:32 +0000
The Allies held to their contract; a Britishfleet was sent to assist Bernadotte in overpowering his new subjects, andafter a brief resistance the Norwegians found themselves compelled tosubmit to their fate (April-Aug, 1814). [198] At the other extremity ofEurope a second of Napoleon's generals still held his throne among therestored legitimate monarchs. Murat, King of Naples, had forsaken Napoleonin time to make peace and alliance with Austria.

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The BritishGovernment was, however, but Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 21:29:27 +0000
Great Britain, thoughentering into a military convention, had not been a party to this treaty;and it had declared that its own subsequent support of Murat would dependupon the condition that he should honourably exert himself in Italy againstNapoleon's forces. This condition Murat had not fulfilled. The BritishGovernment was, however, but gradually supplied with proofs of histreachery; nor was Lord Liverpool, the Prime Minister, inclined to raisenew difficulties at Vienna by pressing the claim of Ferdinand of Sicily tohis territories on the mainland.

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The engagement of the Allies towards Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 21:43:01 +0000
[199] Talleyrand, on behalf of therestored Bourbons of Paris, intended to throw all his strength into adiplomatic attack upon Murat before the end of the Congress; but for thepresent Murat's chances seemed to be superior to those of his rival.Southern Italy thus continued in the hands of a soldier of fortune, who,unlike Bernadotte, was secretly the friend of Napoleon, and ready tosupport him in any attempt to regain his throne.The engagement of the Allies towards Bernadotte, added to the stipulationsof the Peace of Paris, left little to be decided by the Congress of Viennabeyond the fate of Poland, Saxony, and Naples, and the form of politicalunion to be established in Germany.

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Before KingLouis XVIII returned Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 21:54:40 +0000
It had been agreed that the Congressshould assemble within two months after the signature of the Peace ofParis: this interval, however, proved to be insufficient, and the autumnhad set in before the first diplomatists arrived at Vienna, and began theconferences which preceded the formal opening of the Congress. In themeantime a singular spectacle was offered to Europe by the Courts whoserestoration was the subject of so much official thanksgiving. Before KingLouis XVIII returned to Paris, the exiled dynasties had regained theirthrones in Northern Germany and in Spain.

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In Hesse a prince returned Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 22:12:47 +0000
The process of reaction had begunin Hanover and in Hesse as soon as the battle of Leipzig had dissolved theKingdom of Westphalia and driven Napoleon across the Rhine. Hanover indeeddid not enjoy the bodily presence of its Sovereign: its character wasoligarchical, and the reaction here was more the affair of the privilegedclasses than of the Government. In Hesse a prince returned who was the veryembodiment of divine right, a prince who had sturdily fought against Frenchdemagogues in 1792, and over whose stubborn, despotic nature therevolutions of a whole generation and the loss of his own dominions sincethe battle of Jena had passed without leaving a trace.

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Afew weeks later all Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 22:29:21 +0000
The Elector wasseventy years old when, at the end of the year 1813, his faithful subjectsdragged his carriage in triumph into the streets of Cassel. On the dayafter his arrival he gave orders that the Hessian soldiery who had beensent on furlough after the battle of Jena should present themselves, everyman in the garrison-town where he had stood on the 1st of November, 1806. Afew weeks later all the reforms of the last seven years were swept awaytogether.

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