People

Europelooked with a kind Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 14:50:39 +0000
But the Courts were too wellsatisfied with their victory to enter into a strict account upon secondarymatters; and a prudent regard on the part of the Allies to the prospects ofthe House of Bourbon saved France from experiencing what it had inflictedupon others.The policy which now restored to France the frontier of 1792 was viewedwith a very different feeling in France and in all other countries. Europelooked with a kind of wonder upon its own generosity; France forgot theunparalleled provocations which it had offered to mankind, and onlyremembered that Belgium and the Rhenish Provinces had formed part of theRepublic and the Empire for nearly twenty years.

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Poland, excluding the districts taken Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 15:08:58 +0000
These early conquests ofthe Republic, which no one had attempted to wrest from France since 1795,had undoubtedly been the equivalent for which, in the days of theDirectory, Austria had been permitted to extend itself in Italy, andPrussia in Germany. In the opinion of men who sincerely condemnedNapoleon's distant conquests, the territory between France and the Rhinewas no more than France might legitimately demand, as a counterpoise to thevast accessions falling to one or other of the Continental Powers out ofthe territory of Poland, Venice, and the body of suppressed States inGermany. Poland, excluding the districts taken from it before 1792,contained a population twice as great as that of Belgium and the RhenishProvinces together: Venice carried with it, in addition to a commandingprovince on the Italian mainland, the Eastern Adriatic Coast as far asRagusa.

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France, reduced to itsancient limits Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 15:24:25 +0000
If it were true that the proportionate increase of power formed theonly solid principle of European policy, France sustained a grievous injuryin receiving back the limits of 1791, when every other State on theContinent was permitted to retain the territory, or an equivalent for theterritory, which it had gained in the great changes that took place between1791 and 1814. But in fact there had never been a time during the lasthundred and fifty years when France, under an energetic Government, had notpossessed a force threatening to all its neighbours. France, reduced to itsancient limits, was still the equal, and far more than the equal, of any ofthe Continental Powers, with all that they had gained during theRevolutionary War.

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Had the course of French Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 15:43:34 +0000
It remained the first of European nations, though nolonger, as in the eighteenth century, the one great nation of the westerncontinent. Its efforts after universal empire had aroused other nationsinto life. Had the course of French conquest ceased before Napoleon graspedpower, France would have retained its frontier of the Rhine, and long haveexercised an unbounded influence over both Germany and Italy, through theincomparably juster and brighter social life which the Revolution, combinedwith all that France had inherited from the past, enabled it to display tothose countries.

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But if, in the service Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 15:53:57 +0000
Napoleon, in the attempt to impose his rule upon allEurope, created a power in Germany whose military future was to be not lesssolid than that of France itself, and left to Europe, in the accord of hisenemies, a firmer security against French attack than any that the effortsof statesmen had ever framed.The league of the older monarchies had proved stronger in the end than thegenius and the ambition of a single man. But if, in the service ofNapoleon, France had exhausted its wealth, sunk its fleets, and sacrificeda million lives, only that it might lose all its earlier conquests, andresume limits which it had outgrown before Napoleon held his first command,it was not thus with the work which, for or against itself, France hadeffected in Europe during the movements of the last twenty years.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Germanyand Italy were no longer Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 16:06:49 +0000
In thecourse of the epoch now ending the whole of the Continent up to thefrontiers of Austria and Russia had gained the two fruitful ideas ofnationality and political freedom. There were now two nations in Europewhere before there had been but aggregates of artificial States. Germanyand Italy were no longer mere geographical expressions: in both countries,though in a very unequal degree, the newly-aroused sense of nationality hadbrought with it the claim for unity and independence.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The second legacy of the Revolutionary Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 16:17:07 +0000
In Germany, Prussiahad set a great example, and was hereafter to reap its reward; in Italythere had been no State and no statesman to take the lead either inthrowing off Napoleon's rule, or in forcing him, as the price of support,to give to his Italian kingdom a really national government. Failing to actfor itself, the population of all Italy, except Naples, was parcelled outbetween Austria and the ancient dynasties; but the old days of passivesubmission to the foreigner were gone for ever, and time was to showwhether those were the dreamers who thought of a united Italy, or those whothought that Metternich's statesmanship had for ever settled the fate ofVenice and of Milan.The second legacy of the Revolutionary epoch, the idea of constitutionalfreedom, which in 1789 had been as much wanting in Spain, where nationalspirit was the strongest, as in those German States where it was theweakest, had been excited in Italy by the events of 1796 and 1798, in Spainby the disappearance of the Bourbon king and the self-directed struggle ofthe nation against the invader; in Prussia it had been introduced by theGovernment itself when Stein was at the head of the State.

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The professions might be lightly made Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 16:34:41 +0000
"It isimpossible," wrote Lord Castlereagh in the spring of 1814, "not to perceivea great moral change coming on in Europe, and that the principles offreedom are in full operation." [195] There was in fact scarcely a Court inEurope which was not now declaring its intention to frame a Constitution.The professions might be lightly made; the desire and the capacity forself-government might still be limited to a narrower class than the friendsof liberty imagined; but the seed was sown, and a movement had begun whichwas to gather strength during the next thirty years of European history,while one revolution after another proved that Governments could no longerwith safety disregard the rights of their subjects.

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The principles of the French Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 16:47:58 +0000
Lastly, in all the territory that had formed Napoleon's Empire anddependencies, and also in Prussia, legal changes had been made in therights and relations of the different classes of society, so important asalmost to create a new type of social life. Within the Empire itself theCode Napol鯮, conferring upon the subjects of France the benefits whichthe French had already won for themselves, had superseded a society restingon class-privilege, on feudal service, and on the despotism of custom, by asociety resting on equality before the law, on freedom of contract, and onthe unshackled ownership and enjoyment of land, whether the holderpossessed an acre or a league. The principles of the French Code, if notthe Code itself, had been introduced into Napoleon's kingdom of Italy, intoNaples, and into almost all the German dependencies of France.

Autor of the post: Undefined

But these reactions, even whereunopposed Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 17:04:38 +0000
In Prussiathe reforms of Stein and Hardenberg had been directed, though less boldly,towards the same end; and when, after 1814, the Rhenish Provinces wereannexed to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna, the Government was wiseenough and liberal enough to leave these districts in the enjoyment of thelaws which France had given them, and not to risk a comparison between eventhe best Prussian legislation and the Code Napoleon. In other territory nowsevered from France and restored to German or Italian princes, attemptswere not wanting to obliterate the new order and to re-introduce theburdens and confusions of the old regime. But these reactions, even whereunopposed for a time, were too much in conflict with the spirit of the ageto gain more than a temporary and precarious success.

Autor of the post: Undefined

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