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The document was rejected Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 12:02:45 +0000
They informed Napoleon that he must abdicate. Yielding to theirpressure, Napoleon, on the 3rd of April, drew up an act of abdication infavour of his infant son, and sent it by Caulaincourt to the alliedsovereigns at Paris. The document was rejected by the Allies; Caulaincourtreturned with the intelligence that Napoleon must renounce the throne forhimself and all his family.

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The choice of this island Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 12:18:50 +0000
For a moment the Emperor thought of renewingthe war; but the marshals refused their aid more resolutely than before,and, on the 6th of April, Napoleon signed an unconditional surrender of thethrone for himself and his heirs. He was permitted by the Allies to retainthe unmeaning title of Emperor, and to carry with him a body-guard and aconsiderable revenue to the island of Elba, henceforward to be hisprincipality and his prison. The choice of this island, within easy reachof France and Italy, and too extensive to be guarded without a large fleet,was due to Alexander's ill-judged generosity towards Napoleon, and to apromise made to Marmont that the liberty of the Emperor should berespected.

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The Allies, though not without Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 12:33:49 +0000
Alexander was not left without warning of the probable effectsof his leniency. Sir Charles Stewart, military representative of GreatBritain at the allied head-quarters, urged both his own and the alliedGovernments to substitute some more distant island for Elba, if theydesired to save Europe from a renewed Napoleonic war, and France from themisery of a second invasion. The Allies, though not without misgivings,adhered to their original plan, and left it to time to justify thepredictions of their adviser.

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On the 27th of May Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 12:51:07 +0000
It was well known what would be the terms of peace, now that Napoleon wasremoved from the throne. The Allies had no intention of depriving France ofany of the territory that it had held before 1792: the conclusion of adefinitive Treaty was only postponed until the Constitution, whichAlexander required King Louis XVIII to grant, had been drawn up by a royalcommission and approved by the King. On the 27th of May the draft of thisConstitution, known as the Charta, was laid before the King, and sanctionedby him; on the 30th, the Treaty of Paris was signed by the representativesof France and of all the great Powers.

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It was permitted to retain Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 13:04:45 +0000
[191] France, surrendering all itsconquests, accepted the frontier of the 1st of January, 1792, with a slightaddition of territory on the side of Savoy and at points on its northernand eastern border. It paid no indemnity. It was permitted to retain allthe works of art accumulated by twenty years of rapine, except the trophiescarried from the Brandenburg Gate of Berlin and the spoils of the Libraryof Vienna.

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The navigation of the Rhine Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 13:18:28 +0000
It received back nearly all the colonies which had been takenfrom it by Great Britain. By the clauses of the Treaty disposing of theterritory that had formed the Empire and the dependencies of Napoleon,Holland was restored to the House of Orange, with the provision that itsterritory should be largely increased; Switzerland was declaredindependent; it was stipulated that Italy, with the exception of theAustrian Provinces, should consist of independent States, and that Germanyshould remain distributed among a multitude of sovereigns, independent, butunited by a Federal tie. The navigation of the Rhine was thrown open.

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These were the public articles Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 13:37:01 +0000
By aspecial agreement with Great Britain the French Government undertook tounite its efforts to those of England in procuring the suppression of theSlave-trade by all the Powers, and pledged itself to abolish theSlave-trade among French subjects within five years at the latest. For thesettlement of all European questions not included in the Treaty of Paris itwas agreed that a Congress of the Powers should, within two months,assemble at Vienna. These were the public articles of the Treaty of Paris.

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A nominalfriend of the Allies Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 13:51:41 +0000
Secret clauses provided that the Allies-that is, the Allies independentlyof France-should control the distributions of territory to be made at theCongress; that Austria should receive Venetia and all Northern Italy as faras the Ticino; that Genoa should be given to the King of Sardinia; and thatthe Southern Netherlands should be united into a single kingdom withHolland, and thus form a solid bulwark against France on the north. Nomention was made of Naples, whose sovereign, Murat, had abandoned Napoleonand allied himself with Austria, but without fulfilling in good faith theengagements into which he had entered against his former master. A nominalfriend of the Allies, he knew that he had played a double game, and thathis sovereignty, though not yet threatened, was insecure.

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Austriareaped the full reward Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 14:11:14 +0000
[192]Much yet remained to be settled by the Congress at Vienna, but in theTreaty of Paris two at least of the great Powers saw the objects attainedfor which they had straggled so persistently through all the earlier yearsof the war, and which at a later time had appeared to pass almost out ofthe range of possibility. England saw the Netherlands once more convertedinto a barrier against France, and Antwerp held by friendly hands. Austriareaped the full reward of its cool and well-balanced diplomacy during thecrisis of 1813, in the annexation of an Italian territory that made it thereal mistress of the Peninsula.

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It would have been no Post Date: Tue, 5 Aug 2008 14:30:42 +0000
Castlereagh and every other Englishpolitician felt that Europe had done itself small honour in handing Veniceback to the Hapsburg; but this had been the condition exacted by Metternichat Prague before he consented to throw the sword of Austria into thetrembling scale; [193] and the Republican traditions both of Venice and ofGenoa counted for little among the statesmen of 1814, in comparison withthe divine right of a Duke of Modena or a Prince of Hesse Cassel. [194]France itself, though stripped of the dominion won by twenty years ofwarfare, was permitted to retain, for the benefit of a restored line ofkings, the whole of its ancient territory, and the spoil of all thegalleries and museums of Western Europe. It would have been no unnaturalwrong if the conquerors of 1814 had dealt with the soil of France as Francehad dealt with other lands; it would have been an act of bare justice torestore to its rightful owners the pillage that had been brought to Paris,and to recover from the French treasury a part of the enormous sums whichNapoleon had extorted from conquered States.

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