People

Bernadotte, Crown Prince of Sweden Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 1:43:01 +0000
Alexander found itnecessary to make peace with the Porte at the cost of a part of the spoilsof Tilsit. The Danubian provinces, with the exception of Bessarabia, wererestored to the Sultan, in order that Russia might withdraw its forces fromthe south. Bernadotte, Crown Prince of Sweden, who was threatened with theloss of his own dominions in the event of Napoleon's victory, concluded analliance with the Czar.

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It was unknown whether Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 1:55:16 +0000
In return for the co-operation of a Swedish army,Alexander undertook, with an indifference to national right worthy ofNapoleon himself, to wrest Norway from Denmark, and to annex it to theSwedish crown.The head-quarters of the Russian army were at Wilna when Napoleon crossedthe Niemen. It was unknown whether the French intended to advance uponMoscow or upon St Petersburg; nor had any systematic plan of the campaignbeen adopted by the Czar.

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The actual courseof the campaign Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 2:08:40 +0000
The idea of falling back before the enemy wasindeed familiar in Russia since the war between Peter the Great and CharlesXII of Sweden, and there was no want of good counsel in favour of adefensive warfare; [173] but neither the Czar nor any one of his generalsunderstood the simple theory of a retreat in which no battles at all shouldbe fought. The most that was understood by a defensive system was theoccupation of an entrenched position for battle, and a retreat to a secondline of entrenchments before the engagement was repeated. The actual courseof the campaign was no result of a profound design; it resulted from thedisagreements of the general's plans, and the frustration of them all.

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Accordingly, as soon as the French Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 2:22:21 +0000
Itwas intended in the first instance to fight a battle at Drissa, on theriver Dwina. In this position, which was supposed to cover the roads bothto Moscow and St Petersburg, a great entrenched camp had been formed, andhere the Russian army was to make its first stand against Napoleon.Accordingly, as soon as the French crossed the Niemen, both Barclay andBagration were ordered by the Czar to fall back upon Drissa.

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Barclay reached Drissa in safety Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 2:37:46 +0000
But themovements of the French army were too rapid for the Russian commanders toeffect their junction. Bagration, who lay at some distance to the south,was cut off from his colleague, and forced to retreat along the easternroad towards Witepsk. Barclay reached Drissa in safety, but he knew himselfto be unable to hold it alone against 300,000 men.

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Napoleon entered Wilna, the capital Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 2:55:39 +0000
He evacuated the lineswithout waiting for the approach of the French, and fell back in thedirection taken by the second army. The first movement of defence had thusfailed, and the Czar now quitted the camp, leaving to Barclay the commandof the whole Russian forces.Napoleon entered Wilna, the capital of Russian Poland, on the 28th of June.

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The vast waggon-trains broke down Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 3:11:04 +0000
The last Russian detachments had only left it a few hours before; but theFrench were in no condition for immediate pursuit. Before the army reachedthe Niemen the unparalleled difficulties of the campaign had become onlytoo clear. The vast waggon-trains broke down on the highways.

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In spite ofa year's preparations Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 3:23:36 +0000
The storeswere abundant, but the animals which had to transport them died ofexhaustion. No human genius, no perfection of foresight and care, couldhave achieved the enormous task which Napoleon had undertaken. In spite ofa year's preparations the French suffered from hunger and thirst from themoment that they set foot on Russian soil.

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The army did not leave Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 3:38:31 +0000
Thirty thousand stragglers hadleft the army before it reached Wilna; twenty-five thousand sick were inthe hospitals; the transports were at an unknown distance in the rear. Atthe end of six days' march from the Niemen, Napoleon found himselfcompelled to halt for nearly three weeks. The army did not leave Wilna tillthe 16th of July, when Barclay had already evacuated the camp at Drissa.

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In the course of the night Post Date: Sun, 3 Aug 2008 3:55:50 +0000
When at length a march became possible, Napoleon moved upon the UpperDwina, hoping to intercept Barclay upon the road to Witepsk; butdifficulties of transport again brought him to a halt, and the Russiancommander reached Witepsk before his adversary. Here Barclay drew up forbattle, supposing Bagration's army to be but a short distance to the south.In the course of the night intelligence arrived that Bagration's army wasnowhere near the rallying-point, but had been driven back towardsSmolensko.

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