People

It was only when thereport Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 18:27:50 +0000
TheRegency, however, preferred to keep power in its own hands and ignored thepromise which the Junta had given to the nation. Its policy of obstruction,which was continued for months after the time when the Cortes ought to haveassembled, threw the Liberal party into the hands of men of extremes, andprepared the way for revolution instead of reform. It was only when thereport reached Spain that Ferdinand was about to marry the daughter of KingJoseph, and to accept the succession to the Spanish crown from the usurperhimself, that the Regency consented to convoke the Cortes.

Autor of the post: Undefined

On the 24th of September, 1810 Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 18:44:30 +0000
But it was nowno longer possible to create an Upper House to serve as a check upon thepopular Assembly. A single Chamber was elected, and elected in great partwithin the walls of Cadiz itself; for the representatives of districtswhere the presence of French soldiery rendered election impossible werechosen by refugees from those districts within Cadiz, amid the tumults ofpolitical passion which stir a great city in time of war and revolution.On the 24th of September, 1810, the Cortes opened.

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The Liberals knew how passionate Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 19:02:02 +0000
Its first act was todeclare the sovereignty of the people, its next act to declare the freedomof the Press. In every debate a spirit of bitter hatred towards the oldsystem of government and of deep distrust towards Ferdinand himselfrevealed itself in the speeches of the Liberal deputies, although no one inthe Assembly dared to avow the least want of loyalty towards the exiledHouse. The Liberals knew how passionate was the love of the Spanish peoplefor their Prince; but they resolved that, if Ferdinand returned to histhrone, he should return without the power to revive the old abuses ofBourbon rule.

Autor of the post: Undefined

To a Representative Body thus Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 19:12:02 +0000
In this spirit the Assembly proceeded to frame a Constitutionfor Spain. The Crown was treated as the antagonist and corrupter of thepeople; its administrative powers were jealously reduced; it was confrontedby an Assembly to be elected every two years, and the members of thisAssembly were prohibited both from holding office under the Crown, and frompresenting themselves for re-election at the end of their two years'service. To a Representative Body thus excluded from all possibility ofgaining any practical acquaintance with public affairs was entrusted notonly the right of making laws, but the control of every branch ofgovernment.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Its principles had excited Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 19:30:13 +0000
The executive was reduced to a mere cypher.Such was the Constitution which, under the fire of the French artillery nowencompassing Cadiz, the Cortes of Spain proclaimed in the spring of theyear 1812. Its principles had excited the most vehement opposition withinthe Assembly itself; by the nation, or at least that part of it which wasin communication with Cadiz, it appeared to be received with enthusiasm.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The fanaticism of the clergy was Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 19:42:31 +0000
The Liberals, who had triumphed over their opponents in the debates in theAssembly, believed that their own victory was the victory of the Spanishpeople over the forces of despotism. But before the first rejoicings wereover, ominous signs appeared of the strength of the opposite party, and ofthe incapacity of the Liberals themselves to form any effective Government.The fanaticism of the clergy was excited by a law partly ratifying thesuppression of monasteries begun by Joseph Bonaparte; the enactments of theCortes regarding the censorship of religious writings threw the Church intoopen revolt.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Without this engine for Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 19:56:32 +0000
In declaring the freedom of the Press, the Cortes hadexpressly guarded themselves against extending this freedom to religiousdiscussion; the clergy now demanded the restoration of the powers of theInquisition, which had been in abeyance since the beginning of the war. TheCortes were willing to grant to the Bishops the right of condemning anywriting as heretical, and they were willing to enforce by means of theordinary tribunals the law which declared the Catholic religion to be theonly one permitted in Spain; but they declined to restore the jurisdictionof the Holy Office (Feb, 1813). Without this engine for the suppression ofall mental independence the priesthood of Spain conceived its cause to belost.

Autor of the post: Undefined

War approaching between France and Russia-Policy Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 20:12:23 +0000
The anathema of the Church went out against the new order. Unitingwith the partisans of absolutism, whom Wellington, provoked by theextravagances of the Liberals, now took under his protection, the clergyexcited an ignorant people against its own emancipators, and awaited thetime when the return of Ferdinand, and a combination of all the interestshostile to reform, should overthrow the Constitution which the Liberalsfondly imagined to have given freedom to Spain.War approaching between France and Russia-Policy of Prussia-Hardenberg'sMinistry-Prussia forced into Alliance with Napoleon-Austrian Alliance-Napoleon's Preparations-He enters Russia-Alexander and Bernadotte-Planof the Russians to fight a Battle at Drissa frustrated-They retreat onWitepsk-Sufferings of the French-French enter Smolensko-Battle ofBorodino-Evacuation of Moscow-Moscow fired-The Retreat from Moscow-TheFrench at Smolensko-Advance of Russian Armies from North and South-Battle of Krasnoi-Passage of the Beresina-The French reach the Niemen-York's Convention with the Russians-The Czar and Stein-Russian Armyenters Prussia-Stein raises East Prussia-Treaty of Kalisch-Prussiadeclares War-Enthusiasm of the Nation-Idea of German Unity-The Landwehr.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The Governments of Berlin Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 20:29:58 +0000
War between France and Russia was known to be imminent as early as thespring of 1811. The approach of the conflict was watched with the deepestanxiety by the two States of central Europe which still retained somedegree of independence. The Governments of Berlin and Vienna had been drawntogether by misfortune.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The situation of Prussiain especial Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 20:42:01 +0000
The same ultimate deliverance formed the secrethope of both; but their danger was too great to permit them to combine inopen resistance to Napoleon's will. In spite of a tacit understandingbetween the two powers, each was compelled for the present to accept theconditions necessary to secure its own existence. The situation of Prussiain especial was one of the utmost danger.

Autor of the post: Undefined

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