People

The close of the year 1810 Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 8:50:10 +0000
Outside the frontier of this great Empire anorder of feudatories ruled in Italy, in Germany, and in Poland. Murat, Kingof Naples, and the client-princes of the Confederation of the Rhine,holding all Germany up to the frontiers of Prussia and Austria, as well asthe Grand-Duchy of Warsaw, were nominally sovereigns within their owndominions; but they held their dignities at Napoleon's pleasure, and thepopulation and revenues of their States were at his service.The close of the year 1810 saw the last changes effected which Europe wasdestined to receive at the hands of Napoleon.

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The privileges of the noble Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:02:02 +0000
The fabric of his sovereigntywas raised upon the ruins of all that was obsolete and forceless upon thewestern Continent; the benefits as well as the wrongs or his supremacy werenow seen in their widest operation. All Italy, the northern districts ofGermany which were incorporated with the Empire, and a great part of theConfederate Territory of the Rhine, received in the Code Napoleon a lawwhich, to an extent hitherto unknown in Europe, brought social justice intothe daily affairs of life. The privileges of the noble, the feudal burdensof the peasant, the monopolies of the guilds, passed away, in mostinstances for ever.

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These were amongthe fruits Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:12:26 +0000
The comfort and improvement of mankind were vindicatedas the true aim of property by the abolition of the devices which convertthe soil into an instrument of family pride, and by the enforcement of afair division of inheritances among the children of the possessor. Legalprocess, both civil and criminal, was brought within the comprehension ofordinary citizens, and submitted to the test of publicity. These were amongthe fruits of an earlier enlightenment which Napoleon's supremacy bestowedupon a great part of Europe.

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TheItalians and the Germans Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:22:43 +0000
The price which was paid for them was thesuppression of every vestige of liberty, the conscription, and theContinental blockade. On the whole, the yoke was patiently borne. TheItalians and the Germans of the Rhenish Confederacy cared little whatGovernment they obeyed; their recruits who were sent to be killed by theAustrians or the Spaniards felt it no especial hardship to fight Napoleon'sbattles.

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The possessionof English goods became Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:36:28 +0000
More galling was the pressure of Napoleon's commercial system andof the agencies by which he attempted to enforce it. In the hope of ruiningthe trade of Great Britain, Napoleon spared no severity against the ownersof anything that had touched British hands, and deprived the Continent ofits entire supply of colonial produce, with the exception of such as wasimported at enormous charges by traders licensed by himself. The possessionof English goods became a capital offence.

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It was in Hamburg Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:48:23 +0000
In the great trading towns asystem of permanent terrorism was put in force against the merchants.Soldiers ransacked their houses; their letters were opened; spies doggedtheir steps. It was in Hamburg, where Davoust exercised a sort ofindependent sovereignty, that the violence and injustice of the Napoleoniccommercial system was seen in its most repulsive form; in the greater partof the Empire it was felt more in the general decline of trade and in amultitude of annoying privations than in acts of obtrusive cruelty.

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Men who were proof against Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 9:59:40 +0000
[166]The French were themselves compelled to extract sugar from beetroot, and tosubstitute chicory for coffee; the Germans, less favoured by nature, andless rapid in adaptation, thirsted and sulked. Even in such torpidcommunities as Saxony political discontent was at length engendered bybodily discomfort. Men who were proof against all the patriotic exaltationof Stein and Fichte felt that there must be something wrong in a systemwhich sent up the price of coffee to five shillings a pound, and reducedthe tobacconist to exclusive dependence upon the market-gardener.

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Its realpolitical importance lay Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 10:18:42 +0000
It was not, however, by its effects upon Napoleon's German vassals that theContinental system contributed to the fall of its author. Whatever thediscontent of these communities, they obeyed Napoleon as long as he wasvictorious, and abandoned him only when his cause was lost. Its realpolitical importance lay in the hostility which it excited between Franceand Russia.

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Napoleon hadbroken his promise Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 10:36:28 +0000
The Czar, who had attached himself to Napoleon's commercialsystem at the Peace of Tilsit, withdrew from it in the year succeeding thePeace of Vienna. The trade of the Russian Empire had been ruined by theclosure of its ports to British vessels and British goods. Napoleon hadbroken his promise to Russia by adding West Galicia to the Polish Duchy ofWarsaw; and the Czar refused to sacrifice the wealth of his subjects anylonger in the interest of an insincere ally.

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Napoleon exaggerated the effect Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 10:47:26 +0000
At the end of the year 1810 anorder was published at St Petersburg, opening the harbours of Russia toall ships bearing a neutral flag, and imposing a duty upon many of theproducts of France. This edict was scarcely less than a direct challenge tothe French Emperor. Napoleon exaggerated the effect of his Continentalprohibitions upon English traffic.

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