People

Old Austrian families,members Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 6:14:42 +0000
Peace had not beenproclaimed four months when the treaty was signed which united the House ofBonaparte to the family of Marie Antoinette. The Archduke Charlesrepresented Napoleon in the espousals; the Archbishop of Vienna anointedthe bride with the same sacred oil with which he had consecrated thebanners of 1809; the servile press which narrated the wedding festivitiesfound no space to mention that the Emperor's bravest subject, the Tyroleseleader Hofer, was executed by Napoleon as a brigand in the interval betweenthe contract and the celebration of the marriage. Old Austrian families,members of the only aristocracy upon the Continent that still possessedpolitical weight and a political tradition, lamented the Emperor's consentto a union which their prejudices called a mis-alliance, and theirconsciences an adultery; but the object of Metternich was attained.

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Except in Spain, his arms Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 6:31:37 +0000
Thefriendship between France and Russia, which had inflicted so much evil onthe Continent since the Peace of Tilsit, was dissolved; the sword ofNapoleon was turned away from Austria for at least some years; therestoration of the lost provinces of the Hapsburg seemed not impossible,now that Napoleon and Alexander were left face to face in Europe, and thealliance of Austria had become so important to the power which had hithertoenriched itself at Austria's expense.Napoleon crowned his new bride, and felt himself at length the equal of theHapsburgs and the Bourbons. Except in Spain, his arms were no longerresisted upon the Continent, and the period immediately succeeding thePeace of Vienna was that which brought the Napoleonic Empire to its widestbounds.

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Here Pius VII, was detained Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 6:46:45 +0000
Already, in the pride of the first victories of 1809, Napoleon hadcompleted his aggressions upon the Papal sovereignty by declaring theEcclesiastical States to be united to the French Empire (May 17, 1809). ThePope retorted upon his despoiler with a Bull of Excommunication; but thespiritual terrors were among the least formidable of those then active inEurope, and the sanctity of the Pontiff did not prevent Napoleon's soldiersfrom arresting him in the Quirinal, and carrying him as a prisoner toSavona. Here Pius VII, was detained for the next three years.

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In relation to thefuture Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 7:06:02 +0000
The RomanStates received the laws and the civil organisation of France. [164]Bishops and clergy who refused the oath of fidelity to Napoleon wereimprisoned or exiled; the monasteries and convents were dissolved; thecardinals and great officers, along with the archives and the wholeapparatus of ecclesiastical rule, were carried to Paris. In relation to thefuture of European Catholicism, the breach between Napoleon and Pius VII,was a more important event than was understood at the time; its immediateand visible result was that there was one sovereign the fewer in Europe,and one more province opened to the French conscription.

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He had endeavouredto lighten Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 7:16:25 +0000
The next of Napoleon's vassals who lost his throne was the King of Holland.Like Joseph in Spain, and like Murat in Naples, Louis Bonaparte had made anhonest effort to govern for the benefit of his subjects. He had endeavouredto lighten the burdens which Napoleon laid upon the Dutch nation, alreadydeprived of its colonies, its commerce, and its independence; and everyplea which Louis had made for his subjects had been treated by Napoleon asa breach of duty towards himself.

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He returned toHolland, but affairs Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 7:32:58 +0000
The offence of the unfortunate King ofHolland became unpardonable when he neglected to enforce the orders ofNapoleon against the admission of English goods. Louis was summoned toParis, and compelled to sign a treaty, ceding part of his dominions andplacing his custom-houses in the hands of French officers. He returned toHolland, but affairs grew worse and worse.

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Two more annexations followed before Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 7:43:12 +0000
French troops overran thecountry; Napoleon's letters were each more menacing than the last; and atlength Louis fled from his dominions (July 1, 1810), and delivered himselffrom a royalty which had proved the most intolerable kind of servitude. Aweek later Holland was incorporated with the French Empire.Two more annexations followed before the end of the year.

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Hamburg, however, and most Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 8:02:07 +0000
The Republic ofthe Valais was declared to have neglected the duty imposed upon it ofrepairing the road over the Simplon, and forfeited its independence. TheNorth German coast district, comprising the Hanse towns, Oldenburg, andpart of the Kingdom of Westphalia, was annexed to the French Empire, withthe alleged object of more effectually shutting out British goods from theports of the Elbe and the Weser. Hamburg, however, and most of theterritory now incorporated with France, had been occupied by French troopsever since the war of 1806, and the legal change in its position scarcelymade its subjection more complete.

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[165]Napoleon's dominion had now reached Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 8:16:22 +0000
Had the history of this annexation beenwritten by men of the peasant-class, it would probably have been describedin terms of unmixed thankfulness and praise. In the Decree introducing theFrench principle of the free tenure of land, thirty-six distinct forms offeudal service are enumerated, as abolished without compensation. [165]Napoleon's dominion had now reached its widest bounds.

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On the east ofthe Adriatic Post Date: Sat, 2 Aug 2008 8:35:53 +0000
The frontier of theEmpire began at L?on the Baltic, touched the Rhine at Wesel, andfollowed the river and the Jura mountains to the foot of the Lake ofGeneva; then, crossing the Alps above the source of the Rhone, it ran withthe rivers Sesia and Po to a point nearly opposite Mantua, mounted to thewatershed of the Apennines, and descended to the Mediterranean atTerracina. The late Ecclesiastical States were formed into the twoDepartments of the Tiber and of Trasimene; Tuscany, also divided intoFrench Departments, and represented in the French Legislative Body, gavethe title of Archduchess and the ceremonial of a Court to Napoleon's sisterEliza; the Kingdom of Italy, formed by Lombardy, Venice, and the countryeast of the Apennines as far south as Ascoli, belonged to Napoleon himself,but was not constitutionally united with the French Empire. On the east ofthe Adriatic the Illyrian Provinces extended Napoleon's rule to the bordersof Bosnia and Montenegro.

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